Our bodies can act in funny ways. One minute you feel great, and the next moment you can have sharp lower back pain seemingly from no where or from a simple movement. Pain is felt in the brain in response to nervous system input. Once you reach the pain threshold you feel it. Before that point you might have felt no indication of a problem. Everyone is unique and different situations for the same person can provide a range of responses. There are many factors that influence pain and the threshold at which you feel it including: genetics, stress and coping mechanisms, gender, previous injuries, weight and psychological factors. Obviously there are some factors that we can and can not influence.
     Genetics, gender and many psychological factors are out of our control. People can have more pain receptors, or in the case of redheads, a mutation in the pain receptor gene. Women are more sensitive to pain but are equal in their ability to tolerate pain intensities, with the big exception of childbirth. People affected by depression and anxiety can be more sensitive to pain.
     There are aspects of pain that we have control over. The brain perceives pain based on input from the nervous system. We can't change the input from the nerves but we can change the perception. Reducing stress and using coping mechanisms such as breathing practices, biofeedback and relaxation. Meditation can also reduce the experience of pain. People who smoke, are sedentary and/or are over weight experience more pain. A plan to quit smoking, exercise and eat healthy can reduce pain significantly. Previous injuries can condition the brain to feel more pain especially when those injuries effect the nervous system directly or indirectly. Getting old injuries healthy and maintaining a proper exercise and stretching routine can go a long way to improving pain.

Dr. Nelson

An good acronym for post injury care is RICE, Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate. This acronym is the most useful for acute muscle and ligament injuries, eg. sprained ankle or knee or a strained hamstring or quad. It is most effective if you start the process immediately, especially ice.
Rest is important for recovery however there are a few caveats. Resting too much can stiffen joints and prolong rehabilitation, the idea of weeks of bed rest are long gone. Gentle range of motion exercises can speed healing and reduce inflammation. Range of motion exercises can even begin on the same day of injury. Rest in the terms of RICE is really limit pain producing activities, don't do anything to make the injury worse.
Ice sprained joints and strained muscles during the first 48 hours post injury. Leave the ice on for 10 minutes at a time with at least one hour between sessions and limit it to 3-4 times per day. Icing beyond the initial 48 hours can actually slow healing as it limits blood flow.
Compression is one of the most under utilized strategies. Gentle joint compression with a tensor bandage or sleeve can help limit inflammation and can even help move it out of the effected joints. Be careful to not compress to the point of pain.
Elevation is also helpful for extremity injuries. The closer the injury is to your heart the less effective. Elevation helps drain inflammation and effective for wrist and ankle injuries.
Make sure you have your injury assessed for stability and function by a professional. It is important to know what you are dealing with and whether there may need further imaging assessment.

Dr. Nelson

     There are different reasons for stretching: injury prevention, improved flexibility, and injury recovery. Each of these goals will have a different routine of timing, type and frequency. For all three, consistency is very important.
     Stretching to prevent injury works on two levels. The first is a warm type stretch which will increase circulation and bring blood to muscle you intend to use. The second is greater overall flexibility can reduce injury frequency. I will discuss this under the improved flexibility goal. A warm up stretch is of course best done before any vigorous exercise. The type of stretching is the key. Static stretching, eg the sit and hold a pose, is not the best choice before exercise. When your muscles are cold they have less flexibility and blood flow. You won't gain much in terms of flexibility stretching cold, and you won't get the blood flowing in a static posture. Dynamic stretching is best pre-exercise. Leg and arm swings anterior/posterior and lateral, shoulder shrugs, high knees and leg kicks are all good examples of dynamic stretches. Focus on the muscle groups you intend to use, start slow and build up intensity for 5 to 10 minutes. 

      Stretching to improve flexibility comes in different forms. Many people think of yoga or ballet and the extremes of flexibility. Increasing your flexibility can reduce injuries, up until a point. There is a trade off of strength for flexibility. Think of it as a bell curve, or inverted U curve. Inflexible people are prone to injury because their limit of flexibility is low and they push their boundaries easily. Extremely flexible people can give up strength for more range at their end limits which can lead to injury as the muscles become a larger portion of stability than the joint capsules and ligaments. More is not always better. That said, extreme flexibility is far less of an issue than limited flexibility. The best time to increase flexibility is when muscles and ligaments are already warm. Traditional static stretching will receive the most benefit following exercise. Balance is key, if you stretch your hamstrings, stretch your quads as well. Also, do not stretch into pain. Dynamic stretching such as during a yoga class is a great way to increase flexibility. If you have attended a class before you may have noticed that they generally start out light and build in intensity. The most vigorous stretching is near the end where you will get the most benefit. Yoga also incorporates balance work, which I personal feel is a great attribute to improve. Consistency is important which ever method you choose. If you stretch once a week then you may see benefits a year later. If you stretch 3 times a week or do a 40 day yoga challenge you may see benefits much more quickly. Everyone's body composition is unique and will progress and different speeds.

     Stretching is a vital component of recovering from injury. After an injury your body lays down scar tissue to hold together the damaged tissue. Initially scar tissue is disorganized and has a random arrangement. Movement breaks through that randomness and helps your body remodel the scar tissue to have a similar function to the tissue it is replacing. It is best to stretch without pain and at a mild or moderate level. The key for injury recovery is consistency. Stretching 3 or 4 times a day will help the tissues regain their former flexibility. It is an organic process that can take up to a year or more depending on the age and severity of the injury. Chiropractic care can facilitate this process by breaking scar tissue in difficult to stretch areas.

Dr. Nelson